Bioenergy, derived from organic matter or biomass, captures carbon absorbed by plants during photosynthesis. When utilized for energy production, this carbon is released into the atmosphere through combustion. However, as new biomass grows, it absorbs an equivalent amount of carbon, rendering modern bioenergy nearly carbon neutral. This unique characteristic makes it a vital component in the global renewable energy landscape, representing approximately 55% of renewable energy sources and contributing over 6% to the world’s energy supply. Its sustainability and potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions position bioenergy as a crucial player in transitioning towards a greener, more sustainable energy future.

To meet carbon reduction targets, it’s imperative to diminish our reliance on fossil fuels. Bioenergy, as a renewable energy source, offers a low-carbon alternative to replace fossil fuels.
In sectors where renewable energy alternatives are limited, such as aviation, maritime transport, and heavy-duty transportation, biomass fuels can be utilized effectively. The integration of bioenergy with carbon capture technology holds promise for extracting CO2 from the atmosphere, a critical component in achieving climate-friendly energy systems in future scenarios.

While burning biomass emits carbon dioxide, it operates within a balanced carbon cycle, releasing only the carbon previously absorbed during growth. Conversely, burning fossil fuels reintroduces ancient carbon reserves into our modern atmosphere, disrupting the carbon equilibrium. The sustainability and environmental advantages of bioenergy hinge on the source material, whether utilizing waste feedstocks or energy crops. It’s crucial to consider these factors when assessing the long-term viability and impact of bioenergy on our planet’s health and ecological balance. Moreover, the utilization of sustainable practices in biomass cultivation and energy production further enhances its environmental credentials and potential for mitigating climate change.

Ethanol, a byproduct of plant fermentation or synthesized through ethylene hydration, is a vital industrial compound. It serves as a solvent, aids in the production of various organic chemicals, and is a common additive in gasoline. Known by various names including alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and grain alcohol, ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid. It is a key ingredient in alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and brandy.
This blog aims to explore the production of ethanol in India against the backdrop of escalating pollution levels in the country. With India’s economy expanding, population increasing, and urbanization on the rise, there’s a corresponding surge in energy demand. Currently, fossil fuels cater to about 98% of the fuel needs in the road transportation sector, leaving a mere 2% for biofuels. Ethanol emerges as a significant player among these alternative fuel sources. Therefore, establishing an ethanol production industry presents itself as a promising venture. India grapples with significant pollution challenges and has initiated several measures to address this pressing issue. This blog will delve into the nuances of the ethanol industry and offer insights on initiating an ethanol production venture in India. The primary objective of this production facility is to integrate ethanol with petrol. Presently, a 10% ethanol blend is standard, with the Government of India aiming for a 20% ethanol blend by 2025.
Establishing an ethanol production plant stands out as a pivotal measure in mitigating pollution and promoting environmental and individual health. India has witnessed numerous cases of health issues stemming from elevated pollution levels, contributing to a higher mortality rate, particularly among elderly individuals grappling with conditions like asthma exacerbated by environmental factors and tobacco use. Therefore, this blog holds significant relevance for all individuals in India, addressing a pressing concern that promises collective benefits.

To successfully produce ethanol, several key components of infrastructure and machinery are necessary. These include:

• Grain Storage and Cleaning Plant
• Grain Grading and Milling Plant
• Liquefaction Plant
• Fermenting Unit
• Distillation Plant
• Spent Filtration Plant
• Spent Wash Evaporator
• Cooling System

In addition to the above-mentioned machinery, other essential infrastructures are also required, such as steam boilers and effluent treatment plants.

The following raw materials are crucial for commencing ethanol manufacturing:

• C Heavy Molasses:  This yields approximately 250 to 275 liters of rectified spirit per ton.
• B Heavy Molasses:  This produces around 300 to 325 liters of rectified spirit per ton.
• Sugarcane Juice:     Typically yielding 70 to 80 liters of rectified spirit per ton.
• Cereals:                  Providing approximately 300 liters of rectified spirit per ton.

Fermentation: The process begins by fermenting molasses, followed by the addition of water and yeast. The mixture is left to ferment for 24 hours until the fermentation process is complete.

Distillation: After fermentation, the mixture undergoes distillation. Initially, it passes through a sludge remover to eliminate impurities. Subsequently, the fermented wash is heated, causing alcohol to vaporize and rise to the top. The vaporized alcohol is then condensed for collection.

Setting up a Water Treatment Plant: An essential step in the process involves establishing a water treatment plant to ensure the quality of water used in ethanol production.

What are the different sections of an ethanol plant?

The ethanol plant comprises several distinct sections, including distillation, fermentation, boiler, turbine, raw material storage, and finished product storage.

Due to its high solubility in water and organic compounds, ethanol is an incredibly versatile ingredient utilized in a broad spectrum of products and applications.

Many fuels contain ethanol, typically at a concentration of 10 percent, aiding in oxygen supply and emission reduction. Additionally, ethanol boosts the octane rating of fuel, contributing to the overall health of your vehicle. Historically, ethanol served as a fuel in early rocket development, such as the German V-2 utilized during World War II, where it was mixed with water to lower combustion chamber temperatures.

• Firstly, Ethanol emerges as a cost-effective fuel alternative, offering significant pollution control benefits compared to petrol. Ethanol fuel engines notably produce lower levels of carbon monoxide compared to their petrol counterparts. Given the pressing concern of global warming, the utilization of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal contributes to adverse changes in weather patterns and rising sea levels.
• Secondly, vehicles fueled by ethanol exhibit reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Higher sales of ethanol relative to petrol could drive increased demand for ethanol-fueled vehicles. Additionally, since ethanol is derived from corn, its production supports farmers and generates domestic employment opportunities. Moreover, reliance on the United States for foreign oil diminishes, thereby enhancing domestic energy independence.
• Biofuels, derived from plant sources such as sugarcane, grain, and corn, offer renewable energy alternatives. India’s tropical climate fosters the widespread growth of sugarcane, ensuring its accessibility across the nation.

• India witnessed a significant expansion in ethanol production capacity in 2021, with market demand soaring to approximately 3250 million liters. Projections suggest that by 2030, this demand may escalate to a staggering 5412.06 million liters. As demand rises, so does supply, offering favorable market conditions.

  Anticipated aggressive expansion by 2030 is expected to encompass various segments including fuel additives, beverages, food, and numerous other sectors. Consequently, the ethanol market appears poised for substantial growth throughout the forecast period and beyond.

The Automatic Ethanol Plant, with a capacity of 10 KLPD, starts at a cost of 20 Crore rupees, which may vary depending on the manufacturer.

On World Environment Day, June 5, 2021, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi unveiled the report of the expert committee outlining the Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025. The central government has mandated a target of blending 20 percent ethanol with petrol by 2025. Meanwhile, the Haryana Government is actively working to enhance ethanol production, directing industries to utilize stubble for ethanol and partnering with sugar mills to ramp up production. Furthermore, the Indian government advocates for ethanol production and has prohibited the import of blended ethanol.

Biogas, a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source, is generated through the decomposition of organic materials like food leftovers and animal excrement. Discover the production process of biogas and its versatile applications, including powering vehicles, providing heat for residences, and generating electricity.

Utilizing the organic material for biogas production taps into a natural decay process. By capturing the gases emitted during this decay and converting them into energy, less harm is inflicted on the environment compared to letting these gases escape into the atmosphere.
Moreover, the biogas production process operates within a sustainable cycle of managing agricultural waste. For instance, animal waste generated on a farm serves as feedstock for biogas production, which in turn powers farm machinery, creating a closed-loop system.

Various types of waste material can decompose to produce biogas, including animal manure, municipal waste, plant matter, food scraps, and sewage.

Biogas primarily comprises methane and carbon dioxide, with possible traces of hydrogen sulfide, siloxanes, and moisture. The proportions of these components vary based on the type of waste used in biogas production.

Biogas can serve as a vehicle fuel when compressed, and when purified to meet natural gas standards, it transforms into biomethane. Biomethane can then be utilized akin to natural gas for various purposes such as cooking and heating.

Biogas can serve as a vehicle fuel when compressed, and when purified to meet natural gas standards, it transforms into biomethane. Biomethane can then be utilized akin to natural gas for various purposes such as cooking and heating.

Biodiesel, derived from renewable sources like fresh and recycled vegetable oils and animal fats, offers a cleaner and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional diesel. It is crafted by mixing alcohol with these renewable feedstocks, resulting in a liquid fuel that is both nontoxic and biodegradable.
Similar to regular diesel, biodiesel powers compression-ignition engines and can be blended with petroleum diesel at various ratios, including B100 (pure biodiesel) and the widely used blend, B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel).
Renewable and biodegradable, biodiesel is domestically produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. It meets the requirements of biomass-based diesel and advanced biofuel mandates under the Renewable Fuel Standard. It’s essential to differentiate between renewable diesel and biodiesel.
Biodiesel, often referred to as B100 or neat biodiesel in its unblended form, is suitable for compression-ignition engines, much like petroleum diesel. Its performance in cold weather depends on factors such as the blend ratio, feedstock, and characteristics of petroleum diesel. Lower biodiesel blends typically perform better in colder temperatures, with B5 exhibiting similar performance to No. 2 diesel. To address crystallization in extremely cold temperatures, fuel blenders often include cold flow improves during winter months. Collaborating with fuel providers is recommended to ensure the optimal blend for cold weather performance.

Carbon intensity is a measure of how much greenhouse gasses are released for each unit of energy used. It’s usually expressed as grams of CO2 equivalent per megajoule (CO2eq/MJ). For regular diesel made from petroleum, the carbon intensity is typically around 95 grams of CO2 equivalent per megajoule. However, for biodiesel, the carbon intensity varies depending on the source material. For instance, biodiesel made from waste cooking oil has a carbon intensity of around 18 grams of CO2 equivalent per megajoule, while that from soybean oil ranges from 21 grams to 30 grams per megajoule when accounting for indirect land use change effects.
Since biodiesel has a lower carbon intensity compared to petroleum-based diesel, using biodiesel instead can significantly decrease overall greenhouse gas emissions over its entire lifecycle. Studies have shown that when soy-based biodiesel (referred to as soy B100) is used, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by 67% to 77% compared to using petroleum diesel.

This section outlines the fundamental characteristics of B100 and the precautions necessary for its handling and mixing. The storage and management protocols for B100 differ from those of B20 and lower biodiesel blends, as well as from conventional diesel fuel, particularly in colder temperatures. While using B20 and lower blends can mitigate or remove these differences in properties, it’s important to have a thorough understanding of B100 properties since many distributors store and manage B100 before blending.

Throughout history, people have harnessed biomass energy—energy sourced from living organisms—from the earliest days when ancient humans ignited wood fires for warmth and cooking.
Biomass, being organic, originates from living organisms such as plants and animals. Common biomass materials utilized for energy purposes include plants, wood, and various types of waste, collectively referred to as biomass feedstocks. It’s worth noting that biomass energy can also be categorized as a nonrenewable energy source.
The energy contained within biomass originates from the sun, initially captured by plants through photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into nutrients like carbohydrates, effectively storing solar energy.
This stored energy within organisms can be converted into usable forms through direct or indirect methods. Biomass can be directly burned to generate heat or electricity, or it can be indirectly processed into biofuels for later use.

When biomass is utilized as an energy source, it is termed as ‘feedstock’. Feedstocks can be cultivated for their energy content, known as energy crops, or derived from waste products from various industries like agriculture, food processing, or timber production.
Dry, combustible feedstocks like wood pellets are combusted in boilers or furnaces, generating steam to drive turbines for electricity production. Wet feedstocks, such as food waste, undergo anaerobic digestion in sealed tanks, producing methane gas, or biogas, which can be utilized for electricity generation or injected into the national gas grid for cooking and heating purposes.
Bioenergy exhibits remarkable flexibility, capable of adjusting quickly to demand fluctuations, making it an excellent backup for weather-dependent renewable technologies like wind and solar.

Before they can be utilized for energy generation, biomass fuels undergo processing, resulting in various refined products.

Solid Fuel: Wood refineries are responsible for producing solid fuels such as wood pellets and wood chips, typically derived from the by-products of everyday wood industry operations. This constitutes the most prevalent use of biomass globally.

Liquid Fuel: Biofuel refineries specialize in creating liquid fuels tailored for transportation purposes. Biofuels sourced from energy crops, which may also serve as food sources, are categorized as first-generation biofuels. In pursuit of sustainability, the EU advocates for the utilization of organic materials that don’t compete with food production, termed second-generation biofuels.

Biogas and Biomethane: Renewable gas facilities, including anaerobic digestion systems, generate biogas. Through a process of upgrading, biogas can be converted into biomethane, which can then be integrated into the gas grid. Both biogas and biomethane offer versatile applications, serving as fuel sources for heating, transportation, and electricity generation.

Different kinds of plants and algae can be turned into useful stuff. Some examples are leftovers from crops, what’s left after cutting down trees, special types of grasses and trees grown for energy, algae, waste from industries, trash that can’t be recycled from cities, leftover wood from cities, and food waste. Biomass is special because it’s renewable, meaning we can keep making more of it. We can use biomass to make things like gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel. It can also be used to make important chemicals for making stuff, and it can even provide power for our electricity grids.

Electrolyzers employed in splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen can, when powered by renewable energy sources, produce hydrogen devoid of any greenhouse gas emissions. This form of hydrogen is commonly known as green hydrogen.
By utilizing green hydrogen as a conduit, renewable electricity can be converted into a transportation fuel or utilized as feedstock in industrial processes where climate-neutral alternatives are currently scarce. Green hydrogen and its derivative fuels, such as green ammonia, offer the prospect of harnessing wind power to fuel container ships, thereby significantly expanding the decarbonization potential of renewable energy sources.
Presently, the global production of hydrogen amounts to 75 million tons annually, with the majority being derived from fossil fuels, predominantly natural gas and coal. This results in the release of 830 million tons of carbon dioxide each year – nearly equivalent to the annual CO2 emissions of Germany.
Transitioning to the production of all hydrogen with green energy holds the promise of substantially curtailing emissions. The prospective market for this diminutive molecule is substantial.
Green hydrogen, generated through water electrolysis using renewable sources like solar or wind power, is distinguishable for its minimal environmental impact. As a vital energy carrier, it plays an essential role in regions where electrification poses challenges, thus forming a fundamental component of India’s energy transition.

Green hydrogen is poised to enact a profound transformation in mitigating carbon emissions across critical sectors such as heavy industry and transportation. Serving as a viable alternative to fossil-based fuels, its adoption holds the promise of significant reductions in carbon footprints worldwide. By embracing this sustainable energy solution, humanity can align with key objectives of sustainable development, thereby ushering in a future characterized by reduced environmental impact and enhanced global well-being.

India has set its sights on achieving carbon neutrality by 2070, but with its burgeoning economy, the demand for energy and resources is on a steep ascent. Over the past two decades, energy demand has already doubled, and projections suggest a further 25% increase by 2030.
A significant portion of India’s primary energy needs, amounting to over $90 billion annually, are met through imports, with industries like transportation and manufacturing heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels. Hence, there’s a pressing need for technological solutions to augment the utilization of renewable energy sources and gradually diminish dependence on fossil fuels.
A key highlight of the Budget 2023-2024 is the National Green Hydrogen Mission. With an allocation of Rs. 19,744 crores, the Government of India aims to ramp up annual green hydrogen production to 5 million tonnes by 2030. This initiative also seeks to curtail reliance on fossil fuel imports and slash greenhouse gas emissions by nearly 50 million tonnes. Ultimately, India aims to emerge as a global hub for green hydrogen production, catering to the escalating demand for renewable energy worldwide.

The primary hurdle hindering the widespread production and distribution of green hydrogen in India lies in the insufficient technological advancements and infrastructure needed for such endeavors. Addressing these deficiencies by investing in and developing appropriate infrastructures can open avenues for the sector to thrive.
Furthermore, economic constraints stemming from the considerable initial setup costs of green hydrogen plants, coupled with regulatory frameworks that may not adequately support such ventures, present additional challenges. However, with the implementation of appropriate economic policies and regulatory measures, these obstacles can be transformed into opportunities, fostering the growth and viability of the green hydrogen sector.

Green hydrogen serves as a crucial resource primarily utilized within the chemical industry, particularly in the production of ammonia and fertilizers. Ammonia production, a process integral to agriculture and various industrial applications, heavily relies on hydrogen. By using green hydrogen in this process, manufacturers can significantly reduce their carbon footprint, as opposed to relying on traditional methods that utilize fossil fuels.
Moreover, green hydrogen finds extensive application in the petrochemical industry, where it is employed in the production of various petroleum products. As a versatile feedstock, hydrogen plays a vital role in refining crude oil and synthesizing a wide array of petrochemicals, including plastics, solvents, and lubricants. By incorporating green hydrogen into these processes, the petrochemical industry can substantially decrease its reliance on fossil fuels, thus mitigating environmental impact and contributing to sustainable practices.
Overall, the utilization of green hydrogen in both the chemical and petrochemical industries represents a pivotal step towards achieving sustainability goals and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By embracing this cleaner alternative, industries can not only enhance their environmental stewardship but also contribute to the global transition towards a more sustainable energy landscape.

Absolutely! This stands as one of its paramount attributes. Electrolysis empowers us to derive green hydrogen from renewable sources. Instead of immediate utilization, we have the capability to compress this pristine hydrogen and store it within specialized tanks. Subsequently, when energy demand arises, this substance is directed into a fuel cell, where we merge hydrogen with oxygen sourced from the air, generating electricity with only water as the resultant by-product.

Primarily, vehicles powered by green hydrogen emit only water instead of CO2, marking a significant environmental advantage. These vehicles are equipped with a storage container for compressed hydrogen gas. Upon demand, this hydrogen is directed into a fuel cell, where a chemical reaction takes place, yielding water vapor and the necessary electricity to propel the vehicle forward.
Beyond personal transportation, hydrogen serves as a cornerstone of sustainable mobility across various modes of transit. It is utilized as fuel for public transport systems, including buses and trains, facilitating cleaner and more eco-friendly urban mobility solutions. Additionally, hydrogen plays a crucial role in powering commercial vehicles such as lorries, contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions in freight transportation. Furthermore, the versatility of hydrogen extends to maritime applications, where it is employed as a clean fuel source for boats and ships, thereby mitigating environmental impact in marine transportation.
In essence, the adoption of hydrogen as a fuel transcends traditional automotive applications, encompassing a diverse range of transportation sectors and offering a sustainable alternative to conventional fossil fuels.

Looking ahead, hydrogen stands poised as a compelling prospect for contributing to the decarbonization efforts within the aeronautical and maritime sectors over the long term. This potential manifests through the production of liquid synthetic kerosene and other synthetic fuels, which could revolutionize the way these industries operate.
In the realm of aviation, the utilization of hydrogen-based synthetic fuels offers a promising pathway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with traditional jet fuels. Liquid synthetic kerosene derived from hydrogen presents a cleaner alternative, enabling aircraft to operate with significantly lower carbon footprints. As the aviation industry seeks sustainable solutions to address environmental concerns, hydrogen emerges as a frontrunner in facilitating the transition towards greener air travel.
Similarly, in the maritime sector, the adoption of hydrogen-based synthetic fuels holds immense potential for decarbonization. By leveraging hydrogen to produce alternative fuels for ships, such as synthetic diesel or ammonia, maritime transportation can substantially reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate harmful emissions. This shift aligns with global efforts to curb pollution from maritime activities and transition towards more sustainable shipping practices.
In essence, hydrogen’s role in producing liquid synthetic kerosene and other synthetic fuels offers a promising avenue for decarbonizing both the aeronautical and maritime sectors. Embracing these innovative solutions not only fosters environmental sustainability but also paves the way for a cleaner and more efficient future in aviation and maritime transportation.

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) represents a groundbreaking alternative to traditional petroleum-based fuels, engineered from non-petroleum feedstocks.
India is spearheading the global transition from natural to renewable energy sources, with concerted efforts from both the government and industry leaders yielding tangible results. A recent milestone was achieved with the successful testing of a flight between Pune and Delhi utilizing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). Building upon this success, the Indian government is now committed to increasing the blending of SAF in both passenger and commercial flights. This strategic initiative aims to significantly reduce carbon emissions in the aviation sector while facilitating a seamless shift towards renewable energy sources.
To support these goals, a comprehensive timeline has been devised to achieve a net zero carbon emission target by 2070. This plan involves expanding SAF production facilities and strategically increasing blending ratios at various stages, thereby promoting sustainability and environmental security.
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), derived from agricultural waste and forestry residues, serves as a cornerstone of this initiative. These bio-waste materials are utilized as feedstock in SAF production facilities, yielding bio-jet fuel that surpasses conventional jet fuel in terms of safety, efficiency, and sustainability. The inherently low sulfur content of SAF reduces environmental pollution, while the utilization of waste materials significantly decreases the carbon footprint compared to conventional fuel manufacturing processes.
India’s leadership in the aviation sector is evident in its proactive transition from conventional fuel sources to SAF, signaling a pivotal shift towards a greener and more sustainable future.

India is spearheading the global transition from natural to renewable energy sources, with concerted efforts from both the government and industry leaders yielding tangible results. A recent milestone was achieved with the successful testing of a flight between Pune and Delhi utilizing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). Building upon this success, the Indian government is now committed to increasing the blending of SAF in both passenger and commercial flights. This strategic initiative aims to significantly reduce carbon emissions in the aviation sector while facilitating a seamless shift towards renewable energy sources.
To support these goals, a comprehensive timeline has been devised to achieve a net zero carbon emission target by 2070. This plan involves expanding SAF production facilities and strategically increasing blending ratios at various stages, thereby promoting sustainability and environmental security.
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), derived from agricultural waste and forestry residues, serves as a cornerstone of this initiative. These bio-waste materials are utilized as feedstock in SAF production facilities, yielding bio-jet fuel that surpasses conventional jet fuel in terms of safety, efficiency, and sustainability. The inherently low sulfur content of SAF reduces environmental pollution, while the utilization of waste materials significantly decreases the carbon footprint compared to conventional fuel manufacturing processes.
India’s leadership in the aviation sector is evident in its proactive transition from conventional fuel sources to SAF, signaling a pivotal shift towards a greener and more sustainable future.

Today’s sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is derived from feedstocks that actively absorb CO2, resulting in a net reduction of CO2 emissions throughout the entire lifecycle of the fuel when compared to traditional fossil fuels.

To meet sustainability criteria, aviation fuel must:

• Originate from low-carbon raw materials that can be sustainably and continuously sourced without depleting natural resources or competing with essential needs like food production, land, and water.
• Serve as an alternative to conventional aviation energy sources and undergo processing to produce jet fuel using alternative methods.
• Adhere to rigorous technical standards and possess similar properties to conventional jet fuel, allowing for blending with other fuels and utilization in commercial aircraft without necessitating modifications to existing technology and fuel systems, with safety remaining a paramount concern.

Various feedstocks currently employed for sustainable aviation fuel production include:

• Used fats and oils, such as cooking oil and food production waste.
• Saltwater-grown plants, including salt marsh grasses.
• Municipal solid waste, encompassing product packaging, organic waste, and paper.
• Cellulosic waste, such as agricultural residues and excess wood.
• Jatropha, a plant whose seeds yield oil suitable for fuel production.
• Algae.
• Non-food crops cultivated on marginal land or rotated with food crops.
• Non-biogenic alternative fuels, involving the conversion of industrial waste gases into jet fuel.

However, ensuring economically viable feedstock supplies to sustain production poses an ongoing challenge. The aviation industry collaborates through initiatives like the Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) to ensure the sustainability of fuels utilized.

By focusing exclusively on second-generation biofuels derived from various non-food biomass sources, the aviation sector aims to avoid the pitfalls encountered with first-generation fuels in transportation, where supplies were not entirely sustainable.

The sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) ecosystem is currently in its early stages of development. By 2023, SAF production volumes surpassed 600 million liters (0.5Mt), doubling from the 300 million liters (0.25 Mt) produced in 2022. However, this output still represents only a fraction, approximately 0.2%, of total aviation fuel consumed throughout the year. Due to these limited volumes, SAF tends to be considerably more expensive than conventional jet fuel.
Expanding production capacities could potentially allow SAF to become more competitive in terms of pricing. However, achieving this outcome relies heavily on collaborative efforts among governments, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies on a global scale.
Establishing appropriate regulatory frameworks and innovative structures remains imperative. Even with these measures in place, challenges persist, particularly concerning the availability of suitable land and biowaste resources.
As the SAF ecosystem matures, it is anticipated that various pathways utilizing regionally appropriate feedstocks will emerge. It’s evident that a combination of biomass sources and eFuels will be required to meet the growing demand for sustainable aviation fuel.